RF transceiver front end module with improved linearity

ABSTRACT

A power amplifier system front end measures both forward and reverse power associated with an RF transmit signal. A processor is configured to use measurements derived from the measured forward and reverse power output to adjust the RF transmit signal in order to compensate for one or more memory effects of the power amplifier system.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Any and all applications, if any, for which a foreign or domesticpriority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet of thepresent application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR1.57.

BACKGROUND

Field

Embodiments of the invention relate to electronic systems, and inparticular, to systems including power amplifiers for radio frequency(RF) electronics.

Description of the Related Technology

Power amplifiers can be included in mobile devices to amplify a RFsignal for transmission via an antenna. For example, in mobile deviceshaving a time division multiple access (TDMA) architecture, such asthose found in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), codedivision multiple access (CDMA), and wideband code division multipleaccess (W-CDMA) systems, a power amplifier can be used to amplify a RFsignal having a relatively low power. Power amplifiers can be includedin mobile device front end modules that also include duplexers, antennaswitch modules, and couplers. Modern front end modules can experiencesignificant performance impairment under certain circumstances,including degraded linearity.

SUMMARY

Embodiments are described herein for addressing these and otherproblems. For instance, degraded linearity can be of particular concernfor front end modules that operate across multiple frequency bands andin multiple modes, such as one or more of an average power tracking(APT) mode, envelope tracking (ET) mode, digital pre-distortion (DPD)mode (e.g., fixed supply or ET DPD modes), etc. One problem is degradedlinearity (e.g., adjacent channel leakage ration [ACLR]) when mismatchis presented at the antenna. This can be especially the case under ETDPD mode when the power amplifier is driven with a wideband signal suchas a 50 resource-block Long-Term Evolution signal (50 RB LTE). In such acase, a degradation of 10 Decibels (dB) may be present, e.g., when a 5:1voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is presented at the antenna. Suchdegradation can become progressively worse when the modulation bandwidthis increased. Thus, it can be particularly helpful to compensate forthis degradation under ET and high modulation bandwidth cases.

Performance degradation can be exacerbated by the duplexer, such as whenthe system is in ET mode. For instance, group delay inherent in theduplexer combined with poor match can result in memory effects, e.g.,where the system gain shape (e.g., AM-AM/AM-PM) varies across thetransmitted RB bandwidth (i.e. the channel). Moreover, AM-AM(amplitude-to-amplitude) and/or AM/PM (amplitude-to-phase) responsevariations are often experienced across various mismatch conditions(even for narrow band signals) due to PA compression point variationover mismatch. Typical open loop, memory-less DPD is often insufficientto address gain shape variation within the transmitted bandwidth. Thus,certain embodiments disclosed herein adjust the DPD for memory orotherwise account for memory (i.e. gain shape variation across thechannel) as well as the particular mismatch state at the antenna. Inaddition, the proper (e.g., optimum) delay applied between the modulatorand RF signal (for ET operation) is also a function of the VSWR stateand varies within the TX channel. Thus, certain embodiments describedherein also adapt such delay within the transmitted bandwidth.

According to certain aspects of the disclosure, systems and methods areprovided for improving mobile device front end module performance (e.g.,linearity) over mismatch. This can be achieved without incurringsignificant additional or loss of performance under nominal conditions.Depending on the particular implementation, embodiments provided hereincan provide this such benefits in ET mode, APT mode, DPD mode, orcombinations thereof, such as in a combined DPD/ET mode.

A power amplifier system is provided according to at least one aspect ofthe disclosure. The system includes a modulator configured to generate aradio frequency (RF) transmit signal and a front end module. The frontend module can include a power amplifier configured to amplify the RFtransmit signal to generate an amplified RF transmit signal. The frontend module can also include a coupler positioned between an antenna andthe power amplifier. The coupler can be configured to output a measureof both forward and reverse power associated with the RF transmitsignal. The coupler is a dual directional coupler in some embodiments.The system can additionally include a non-volatile memory storing anequalizer table. The equalizer table can have a plurality of entriesgenerated during a pre-characterization of the front-end module. Thesystem can also include a processor configured to (a) receive voltagestanding wave ratio (VSWR) measurements derived from the forward andreverse power output by the coupler, (b) access entries in the equalizertable based at least in part on the VSWR measurements, and (c) adjustthe RF transmit signal based on the accessed entries to compensate forone or more memory effects present in the power amplifier system. Forinstance, the system can include a digital pre-distortion table (DPD),where the processor is configured to adjust the RF transmit signal byadapting values in the DPD table based on the accessed entries in theequalizer table. The system can be in the form of a mobile device, whichcan further include an antenna configured to receive the amplified RFsignal from the front end module.

The front end module of the power amplifier system can be configured ina variety of different ways. The equalizer table in some cases isgenerated using a programmable antenna tuner to tune the front endmodule to desired VSWR points. In some configurations the front endmodule does not include an integrated antenna tuner. A programmableantenna tuner can be included in the front end module and positionedbetween the antenna and the coupler in some implementations. Theprogrammable antenna tuner can be adjustable to tune an impedance seenby the power amplifier in order to provide a coarse correction ofnon-linearity within the power amplifier system. The adjustment of theRF transmit signal based on the accessed entries may provide finecorrection of non-linearity within the power amplifier system. The frontend module can include one or more duplexers positioned between thepower amplifier and the dual directional coupler. In some cases theduplexors contribute to at least some of the memory effects.

The power amplifier system can additionally include an envelope trackingsystem configured to provide a power supply control signal to the poweramplifier to control a voltage level of the power amplifier based on ashaped envelope signal. The processor in some cases is furtherconfigured to adjust a delay between the RF transmit signal and thesupply control signal based on delay values included in the accessedequalizer table entries.

A method of characterizing a front end module of a wireless device isprovided according to additional aspects of the disclosure. The methodcan include using a programmable antenna tuner to tune an impedance loadat an output of a power amplifier of the front end module so as toachieve a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) value associated with afirst characterization state of a plurality of front end modulecharacterization states. The method can also include driving the frontend module with an RF transmit signal. The RF transmit signal can bedriven according to one or more additional parameter values associatedwith the first characterization state. The method can further includemeasuring one or more variables associated with behavior of the frontend module while the front end module is driven with the RF transmitsignal and tuned to the VSWR values. The one or more recorded variablescan include a power amplifier compression, a maximum envelope power,and/or a delay between a power control signal for the power amplifierand the RF transmit signal. The method can also include recording theone or more measured variables in association with the firstcharacterization state in a table in non-volatile memory. The steps ofusing, driving, measuring, and recording can be repeated for a pluralityof additional characterization states of the plurality of front endmodule characterization states. The programmable antenna tuner isseparate from the front end module in some cases, where the front endmodule does not include an antenna tuner. The programmable antenna tuneris integrated into the front end module in some other implementations.

A power amplifier system according to yet further aspects includes afront end module including a power amplifier configured to amplify an RFtransmit signal to generate an amplified RF transmit signal. The frontend module can also include a programmable antenna tuner coupled to anantenna. A coupler of the front end module can be positioned between thepower amplifier and the antenna tuner, the coupler configured to outputa measure of both forward and reverse power associated with the RFsignal. The antenna tuner can be adjustable to tune an impedance seen bythe power amplifier in order to provide a coarse correction ofnon-linearity within the power amplifier system. The system can furtherinclude non-volatile memory storing an equalizer table having aplurality of entries generated during a pre-characterization of thefront-end module. The system can also include processor configured to(a) receive voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) measurements derived fromthe forward and reverse power output by the coupler, (b) access entriesin the equalizer table based at least in part on the VSWR, and (c)adjust the RF transmit signal based on the accessed entries. The frontend module can additionally include a duplexer in some configurations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a power amplifier module for amplifyinga radio frequency (RF) signal.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an example wireless device.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of one example of a power amplifiersystem including a transceiver and a front end module according tocertain embodiments.

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a front end modulewithout an integrated antenna tuner.

FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a front end modulewith an integrated programmable antenna tuner.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a process for pre-characterizing afront end module.

FIGS. 6A-6B show examples of partial equalizer lookup tables for anexemplary front end module showing pre-characterized values for selectvariables at different characterization states.

FIG. 7A shows a flow chart depicting a process for compensating frontend module operation using an equalizer lookup table.

FIG. 7B shows a flow chart depicting another process for compensatingfront end module operation through the combined use of coarse tuningwith an integrated antenna tuner and fine tuning using an equalizerlookup table.

FIGS. 8A-8C show power amplifier signal and supply waveforms for poweramplifiers operating in a fixed supply voltage mode, average powertracking mode, and envelope tracking mode, respectively.

FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of a process for determining compleximpedance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The headings provided herein, if any, are for convenience only and donot necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a power amplifier module (PAM) 10 foramplifying a radio frequency (RF) signal. The illustrated poweramplifier module 10 can be configured to amplify a RF signal RF_IN togenerate an amplified RF signal RF_OUT. As described herein, the poweramplifier module 10 can include one or more power amplifiers.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an example wireless device 11that can include one or more of the power amplifier modules 10 ofFIG. 1. The wireless device 11 can include power amplifiers 17 and an RFfront end 12 implementing one or more features of the presentdisclosure. For instance, the power amplifiers 17 and RF front end 12according to some embodiments are configured to compensate fornon-linearities, including those caused by memory effects resulting fromimpedance mismatch seen by the power amplifiers 17. In particular,duplexers coupled to the output power amplifiers 17 can include oroperate as filters that add corresponding frequency response componentsto the system on top of other distortion, creating memory effects. Forinstance, duplexers can present mismatch that is not flat acrosstransmit channel/band, causing non-linear power amplifier behavior.

Such compensation can involve the utilization of a lookup table or otherdata structure, where appropriate lookup table entries are access basedon measurements taken during operation, such as voltage standing waveratio (VSWR) measurements or other measurements relating to compleximpedance seen by the power amplifiers 17. Values in the lookup tableaccording to certain implementations are obtained during acharacterization phase, where a programmable antenna tuner is used torecord certain variables characterizing the behavior of the system. Forinstance, AM-AM and/or AM-PM response curves for the power amplifier 17can be captured across a variety of operating states. Such techniquesand associated componentry will be described in further detail herein.

While the power amplifiers 17 and RF front end 12 are described in somecases as separate components, some or all of the power amplifiers 17 canalso form part of the RF front end 12, such as in embodiments where theRF front end 12 is a highly integrated component that includes the poweramplifiers 17. The combination of the power amplifiers 17 and RF frontend 12 can together be referred to as a front end module.

The example wireless device 11 depicted in FIG. 2 can represent amulti-band and/or multi-mode device such as a multi-band/multi-modemobile phone. By way of examples, Global System for Mobile (GSM)communication standard is a mode of digital cellular communication thatis utilized in many parts of the world. GSM mode mobile phones canoperate at one or more of four frequency bands: 850 MHz (approximately824-849 MHz for Tx, 869-894 MHz for Rx), 900 MHz (approximately 880-915MHz for Tx, 925-960 MHz for Rx), 1800 MHz (approximately 1710-1785 MHzfor Tx, 1805-1880 MHz for Rx), and 1900 MHz (approximately 1850-1910 MHzfor Tx, 1930-1990 MHz for Rx). Variations and/or regional/nationalimplementations of the GSM bands are also utilized in different parts ofthe world.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is another standard that can beimplemented in mobile phone devices. In certain implementations, CDMAdevices can operate in one or more of 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and1900 MHz bands, while certain W-CDMA and Long Term Evolution (LTE)devices can operate over, for example, about 22 radio frequency spectrumbands.

One or more features of the present disclosure can be implemented in theforegoing example modes and/or bands, and in other communicationstandards. For example, 3G and 4G are non-limiting examples of suchstandards.

The illustrated wireless device 11 includes a RF front end 12, atransceiver 13, an antenna 14, power amplifiers 17, a control component18, a computer readable medium 19, a processor 20, a battery 21, and asupply control block 22.

The transceiver 13 can generate RF signals for transmission via theantenna 14. Furthermore, the transceiver 13 can receive incoming RFsignals from the antenna 14.

It will be understood that various functionalities associated with thetransmission and receiving of RF signals can be achieved by one or morecomponents that are collectively represented in FIG. 2 as thetransceiver 13. For example, a single component can be configured toprovide both transmitting and receiving functionalities. In anotherexample, transmitting and receiving functionalities can be provided byseparate components.

Similarly, it will be understood that various antenna functionalitiesassociated with the transmission and receiving of RF signals can beachieved by one or more components that are collectively represented inFIG. 2 as the antenna 14. For example, a single antenna can beconfigured to provide both transmitting and receiving functionalities.In another example, transmitting and receiving functionalities can beprovided by separate antennas. In yet another example, different bandsassociated with the wireless device 11 can be provided with differentantennas.

In FIG. 2, one or more output signals from the transceiver 13 aredepicted as being provided to the antenna 14 via one or moretransmission paths 15. In the example shown, different transmissionpaths 15 can represent output paths associated with different bandsand/or different power outputs. For instance, the two example poweramplifiers 17 shown can represent amplifications associated withdifferent power output configurations (e.g., low power output and highpower output), and/or amplifications associated with different bands.Although FIG. 2 illustrates the wireless device 11 as including twotransmission paths 15, the wireless device 11 can be adapted to includemore or fewer transmission paths 15.

In FIG. 2, one or more detected signals from the antenna 14 are depictedas being provided to the transceiver 13 via one or more receiving paths16. In the example shown, different receiving paths 16 can representpaths associated with different bands. For example, the four examplepaths 16 shown can represent quad-band capability that some wirelessdevices are provided with. Although FIG. 2 illustrates the wirelessdevice 11 as including four receiving paths 16, the wireless device 11can be adapted to include more or fewer receiving paths 16.

To facilitate switching between receive and transmit paths, the one ormore switches in the RF front end 12 can be configured to electricallyconnect the antenna 14 to a selected transmit or receive path. Thus, theswitches can provide a number of switching functionalities associatedwith operation of the wireless device 11. In certain embodiments, theswitches can include a number of switches configured to providefunctionalities associated with, for example, switching betweendifferent bands, switching between different power modes, switchingbetween transmission and receiving modes, or some combination thereof.The switches can also be configured to provide additional functionality,including filtering and/or duplexing of signals.

FIG. 2 shows that in certain embodiments, a control component 18 can beprovided for controlling various control functionalities associated withoperations of the RF front end, the power amplifiers 17, the supplycontrol 22, and/or other operating components. The control component 18can in some cases be included within another component shown in FIG. 2,such as the transceiver 13, for example.

In certain embodiments, a processor 20 can be configured to facilitateimplementation of various processes described herein. In certainimplementations, the processor 20 can operate using computer programinstructions. In certain embodiments, these computer programinstructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory 19 thatcan direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus tooperate in a particular manner. For example, For the purpose ofdescription, embodiments of the present disclosure may also be describedwith reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams ofmethods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products. It will beunderstood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or blockdiagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrationsand/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computer programinstructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagramblock or blocks.

In certain embodiments, these computer program instructions may also bestored in a computer-readable memory 19 that can direct a computer orother programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablememory produce an article of manufacture including instruction meanswhich implement the acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagramblock or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loadedonto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to causea series of operations to be performed on the computer or otherprogrammable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process suchthat the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmableapparatus provide steps for implementing the acts specified in theflowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The supply control block 22 can be electrically connected to the battery21, and the supply control block 22 can be configured to change thevoltage provided to the power amplifiers 17, e.g., based on an envelopeof the RF signal to be amplified. The battery 21 can be any suitablebattery for use in the wireless device 11, including, for example, alithium-ion battery. As will be described in detail further below, bycontrolling the voltage level of the power amplifier supply voltageprovided to the power amplifiers, the power consumption of the battery21 can be reduced, thereby improving performance of the wireless device11. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the envelope signal can be provided to thesupply control block 22 from the transceiver 13. However, the envelopecan be determined in other ways. For example, the envelope or other typeof supply control signal can be determined by processing the RF signal(e.g., detecting the envelope using any suitable envelope detector).

One technique for reducing power consumption of a power amplifier isenvelope tracking (ET), in which the voltage level of the power supplyof the power amplifier is changed in relation to the envelope of the RFsignal. For example, when the envelope of the RF signal increases thevoltage level of the power amplifier's power supply can be increased.Likewise, when the envelope of the RF signal decreases the voltage levelof the power amplifier's power supply can be decreased to reduce powerconsumption. Another form of power tracking is average power tracking(APT), in which the voltage level of the power supply of the poweramplifier 17 is changed in relation to the envelope, similar to envelopetracking. However, in APT mode of operation, the power supply is changedbetween two or more discrete values based on an average level of theenvelope. For example, the power level can be changed on a slot-by-slotbasis, where each slot corresponds to a different power control level.This can improve efficiency at low power while resulting in less powersavings at higher levels than ET tracking. Another mode of power supplycontrol is a fixed supply or direct battery connection, where the powersupply to the power amplifier 17 is held at a fixed amount, at or abovethe maximum level of the envelope of the RF signal. Example power andsignal waveforms generated during example fixed power supply, averagepower tracking, and envelope tracking operations are shown in FIGS. 8A,8B, and 8C, respectively.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of one example of a power amplifiersystem 26. For example, the power amplifier system 26 may beincorporated into the wireless device 11. The illustrated poweramplifier system 26 includes an RF front end 12, an antenna 14, abattery 21, a supply control driver 30, a power amplifier 17, and atransceiver 13. The illustrated transceiver 13 includes a basebandprocessor 34, a supplying shaping block or circuit 35, a delay component33, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 36, a quadrature (I/Q) modulator37, a mixer 38, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 39. The supplyshaping block 35, delay component 33, DAC 36, and supply control driver30 together form a supply shaping branch 48.

The baseband processor 34 can be used to generate an I signal and a Qsignal, which correspond to signal components of a sinusoidal wave orsignal of a desired amplitude, frequency, and phase. For example, the Isignal can be used to represent an in-phase component of the sinusoidalwave and the Q signal can be used to represent a quadrature component ofthe sinusoidal wave, which can be an equivalent representation of thesinusoidal wave. In certain implementations, the I and Q signals can beprovided to the I/Q modulator 37 in a digital format. The basebandprocessor 34 can be any suitable processor configured to process abaseband signal. For instance, the baseband processor 34 can include adigital signal processor, a microprocessor, a programmable core, or anycombination thereof. Moreover, in some implementations, two or morebaseband processors 34 can be included in the power amplifier system 26.

The I/Q modulator 37 can be configured to receive the I and Q signalsfrom the baseband processor 34 and to process the I and Q signals togenerate an RF signal. For example, the I/Q modulator 37 can includeDACs configured to convert the I and Q signals into an analog format,mixers for upconverting the I and Q signals to radio frequency, and asignal combiner for combining the upconverted I and Q signals into an RFsignal suitable for amplification by the power amplifier 17. In certainimplementations, the I/Q modulator 37 can include one or more filtersconfigured to filter frequency content of signals processed therein.

The supply shaping block 35 can be used to convert an envelope oramplitude signal associated with the I and Q signals into a shaped powersupply control signal, such as an average power tracking (APT) signal oran envelope tracking (ET) signal, depending on the embodiment. Shapingthe envelope signal from the baseband processor 34 can aid in enhancingperformance of the power amplifier system 26. In certainimplementations, such as where the supplying shaping block is configuredto implement an envelope tracking function, the supply shaping block 35is a digital circuit configured to generate a digital shaped envelopesignal, and the DAC 36 is used to convert the digital shaped envelopesignal into an analog shaped envelope signal suitable for use by thesupply control driver 30. However, in other implementations, the DAC 36can be omitted in favor of providing the supply control driver 30 with adigital envelope signal to aid the supply control driver 30 in furtherprocessing of the envelope signal.

The supply control driver 30 can receive the supply control signal(e.g., an analog shaped envelope signal or APT signal) from thetransceiver 13 and a battery voltage V_(BATT) from the battery 21, andcan use the supply control signal signal to generate a power amplifiersupply voltage V_(CC) _(_) _(PA) for the power amplifier 17 that changesin relation to the transmit signal. The power amplifier 17 can receivethe RF transmit signal from the I/Q modulator 37 of the transceiver 13,and can provide an amplified RF signal to the antenna 14 through the RFfront end 12. In other cases, a fixed power amplifier supply voltageV_(CC) _(_) _(PA) is provided to the power amplifier 17. In some suchembodiments, one or more of the supply shaping block 35, DAC 36, andsupply control driver 30 may not be included. Exemplary waveforms ofpower amplifier supply voltage V_(CC) _(_) _(PA) and corresponding RFtransmit signals are shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C for fixed supply,APT, and ET power supply control operations, respectively. In someembodiments, the power amplifier system 26 is capable of performing twoor more supply control techniques. For instance, the power amplifiersystem 26 allows for selection (e.g., via firmware programming or otherappropriate mechanism) of two or more of ET, APT, and fixed power supplycontrol modes. In such cases, the baseband processor or otherappropriate controller or processor may instruct the supply shapingblock 35 to enter into the appropriate selected mode.

The delay component 33 implements a selectable delay in the supplycontrol path. As will be described in further detail, this can be usefulin some cases for compensating for non-linearities and/or otherpotential sources of signal degradation. The illustrated delay componentis shown in the digital domain as part of the transceiver 13, and maycomprise a FIFO or other type of memory-based delay element. However,the delay component 33 can be implemented in any appropriate fashion,and in other embodiments may be integrated as part of the supply shapingblock 35, or may be implemented in the analog domain, after the DAC 36,for example.

The RF front end 12 receives the output of the power amplifier 17, andcan include a variety of components including one or more duplexers,switches (e.g., formed in an antenna switch module), directionalcouplers, and the like. Detailed examples of compatible RF front endsare shown and described below with respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B.

The directional coupler (not shown) within the RF front end 12 can be adual directional coupler or other appropriate coupler or other devicecapable of providing a sensed output signal to the mixer 38. Accordingto certain embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment, thedirectional coupler is capable of providing both incident and reflectedsignals (e.g., forward and reverse power) to the mixer 38. For instance,the directional coupler can have at least four ports, which may includean input port configured to receive signals generated by the poweramplifier 17, an output port coupled to the antenna 14, a firstmeasurement port configured to provide forward power to the mixer 38,and a second measurement port configured to provide reverse power to themixer 38.

The mixer 38 can multiply the sensed output signal by a reference signalof a controlled frequency (not illustrated in FIG. 3) so as to downshiftthe frequency spectrum of the sensed output signal. The downshiftedsignal can be provided to the ADC 39, which can convert the downshiftedsignal to a feedback signal 47 in a digital format suitable forprocessing by the baseband processor 34. As will be discussed in furtherdetail, by including a feedback path between the output of the poweramplifier 17 and an input of the baseband processor 34, the basebandprocessor 34 can be configured to dynamically adjust the I and Q signalsand/or power control signal associated with the I and Q signals tooptimize the operation of the power amplifier system 26. For example,configuring the power amplifier system 26 in this manner can aid incontrolling the power added efficiency (PAE) and/or linearity of thepower amplifier 32. The mixer 38, ADC 39 and/or other appropriatecomponentry may generally perform an quadrature (I/Q) demodulationfunction in some embodiments.

Although the power amplifier system 26 is illustrated as include asingle power amplifier, the teachings herein are applicable to poweramplifier systems including multiple power amplifiers, including, forexample, multi-mode and/or multi-mode power amplifier systems.

Additionally, although FIG. 3 illustrates a particular configuration ofa transceiver, other configurations are possible, including for example,configurations in which the transceiver 13 includes more or fewercomponents and/or a different arrangement of components.

As shown the baseband processor 34 can include a digital pre-distortion(DPD) table 40, an equalizer table 41, and a complex impedance detector44. The DPT table 40 may be stored in a non-volatile memory (e.g., flashmemory, read only memory (ROM), etc.) of the transceiver 34 that isaccessible by the baseband processor 34. According to some embodiments,the baseband processor 34 accesses entries in the DPD table 40 to aid inlinearizing the power amplifier 17. For instance, the baseband processor34 selects appropriate entries in the DPD table 40 based on the sensedfeedback signal 47, and adjusts the transmit signal accordingly, priorto outputting the transmit signal to the I/Q modulator 37. For example,DPD can be used to compensate for certain nonlinear effects of the poweramplifier 17, including, for example, signal constellation distortionand/or signal spectrum spreading. According to certain embodimentsincluding the illustrated embodiment, the DPD table 40 implementsmemoryless DPD, e.g., where the current output of the DPD correctedtransmit signal depends only on the current input.

Overview of Equalization Using a Lookup Table with Values Obtained byPre-Characterizing the RF Front End

Certain factors can contribute to memory effects that are difficult todeal with using purely memoryless DPD via the DPD table 40, such asgroup delay inherent in the duplexer of the RF front end 12 combinedwith poor impedance matching seen by the power amplifier 17. In order tocompensate for such memory effects and/or other factors contributing tonon-linearities or other signal degradation, the power amplifier system26 can employ the equalizer table 41. The equalizer table 41 can bestored in a non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory, read only memory(ROM), etc.), which can be the same memory that the DPD table 40 isstored in, or a different memory, depending on the embodiment. While theDPD table 40 and equalizer table 41 are shown as residing within thebaseband processor 34 for the purposes of illustration, the memorydevices containing the tables may reside in any appropriate location onthe transceiver 13, or elsewhere in the wireless device 11.

The equalizer table 41 is populated during a characterization phase,which can be carried out at the point of manufacture, for example, wherethe power amplifier system 26 is characterized under select inputconditions. During characterization, the power amplifier system 26 canbe characterized at select complex impedance points, where certainvariables are recorded at each complex impedance point. For instance, aprogrammable antenna tuner can be connected to the power amplifiersystem 26 during characterization to set the desired complex impedancepoints. The system can additionally be characterized across otherappropriate parameters. As an example, in some embodiments the variablesare additionally recorded across different channels and bands, which canallow for adaptation of the power amplifier system 26 (e.g., adaptationof the DPT table 40) for duplexer ripple across a transmit channel,accounting for some memory effects, among other benefits. The dualdirectional coupler or other appropriate component can be used tocapture the behavior of the power amplifier system 26 at each set point(e.g., each characterized combination of phase, VSWR, channel, andband). Each of the recorded variables can be stored in the table alongwith the corresponding characterization set point values.

The recorded variables that form the characterization information foreach set point can include some or all of: (1) a desired (e.g., optimum)relative delay between the RF signal delivered to the power amplifier 17and the supply shaping signal passing through the supply control branch48; (2) a compression level of the power amplifier 17, which cancorrespond to a degree of compression the power amplifier 17 isoperating at during peak envelope power; and (3) a maximum envelopepower. FIGS. 6A-6B provide examples of portions 600, 650 of tablesincluding recorded variables that characterize embodiments of a poweramplifier system. Such tables can form or be used to generate a portionof the equalizer table 41, for example. The characterization processwill be described in further detail herein, e.g., with respect to FIGS.4A, 4B, 5, and 6A-6B.

During operation, complex impedance (e.g., VSWR and/or phase) aredetected with the impedance detector 44. The impedance detector 44 canbe implemented in any appropriate fashion, and can include digital oranalog circuitry. For instance, some or all of the impedance detector 44may be implemented within the baseband processor 34 as shown. In otherembodiments, some or all of the impedance detector resides in thefeedback path outside of the baseband processor 34. Some examples ofcompatible components for detecting complex impedance are provided inU.S. Pat. No. 8,723,531, titled “Integrated VSWR Detector for MonolithicMicrowave Integrated Circuits”, which is incorporated by referenceherein. One embodiment of a process for determining complex impedance isshown and described herein with respect to FIG. 9.

As shown, the equalizer table 41 can include one or both of a tx table42 and a supply control table 43. The tx table 42 can be used tocompensate the DPD table 40 to account for mismatch, non-linearity,etc., while the supply control table 43 can be used to control a delayof the delay component 33 of the supply control branch 48, e.g., basedon the desired relative delay between the RF transmit signal 49 and thesupply shaping signal.

As represented by the dashed line extending from the tx table 42 to thetx signal 49, the tx table 42 can be used to directly compensate the txsignal 49 instead of or in addition to compensating the DPT table 40.For instance, in some cases the power amplifier system 26 may be placedin a mode where DPD is turned off, and the tx table 42 is used tocompensate the tx signal 49. As an example, DPD and envelope trackingare disabled until a certain transmit power level (e.g., 100 milliwatts)is reached, at which point turning on envelope tracking and DPD becomemore energy inefficient. Moreover, in some cases only one of the txtable 42 and the supply control table 43 are utilized at any given time.For instance, the supply control table 43 in some embodiments is onlyemployed when the power amplifier system 26 is placed in an envelopetracking mode, and while the power amplifier system 26 not in envelopetracking mode (e.g., while in APT or fixed supply modes), only the txtable 42 is employed. In some embodiments, the equalizer table 41includes only one of the tx table 42 and the supply control table 43.Moreover, the information contained in the equalizer table 41 may beorganized in a variety of different fashions. For instance, while shownas separate tables, the tx table 42 and supply control table 43 can becombined into a single table, or, in other embodiments, the informationprovided in the equalizer table 41 is combined together with the DPDtable 40.

For wideband signals such as 50 resource block (RB) LTE signals, memoryeffects can become a particularly significant problem due to loadlineand delay variations across the RB frequency span. At VSWR of 2:1 orgreater, a memory-less DPD table 40 may be insufficient to addressAM-AM/AM-PM response variation across the channel. In such cases,equalization of the baseband transmit signal (e.g., I/Q signal) may beappropriate, e.g., using the equalizer table 41, which may enhance theDPD table 41 with memory coefficients. Use of the equalizer table 41 canimplement an equalizer function that equalizes the compression level ofthe power amplifier 17 and/or achieves desired (e.g., optimum) delay ofthe power amplifier 17 across the band. Thus, the equalizer table 41,which may include the variables described above extracted across thechannels, can be used to perform an equalizer function to a large RBsignal (e.g., 50 or 100 RB or uplink CA 40 megahertz wide). According tocertain embodiments, the equalization can provide a dual role of addingmemory effect compensation to the memory-less DPD as well as adaptingthe DPD to work under various characterized conditions (e.g.,characterized VSWR conditions). As described, the equalizer function canhave two paths, one for the RF transmit signal 49, e.g., through the useof the TX table 42, and one for the supply control path 48 (e.g.,through the use of the supply control table 43), which may be anenvelope tracker, for example.

According to some implementations, the equalization table 41 includesseparate gain and delays for each individual RB, which are applied onlyto the RF transmit signal 49, and there is no separate equalization forthe supply control path 48. In another embodiment, the equalizationtable 41 implements a function approaching a truncated Volterra seriesvia two separate paths: one for the RF transmit signal 49 and one forthe envelope tracker path 48. Such an implementation may consist of anFinite Impulse Response (FIR) filter followed by a non-linear lookuptable followed by another FIR. One block is applied to the RF signalwhile another block is applied to the modulator signal. The FIRcoefficients as well as the non-linear lookup tables are derived fromthe equalization table and the nominal condition memoryless DPD table.

Exemplary Front End Modules

FIGS. 4A and 4B show exemplary front end modules 45, either of which arecompatible with and may be incorporated into the systems shown in FIGS.1-3. Referring to both FIGS. 4A and 4B, the illustrated front endmodules 45 includes an input switch 55, a set of power amplifiers 17, aset of duplexers 50, an antenna switch module 51, a dual directionalcoupler 52, and a measurement switch 53. The front end module 45 shownin FIG. 4B also includes an integrated antenna tuner 54.

The input switch 55 switches the modulated RF transmit signal betweenthe different power amplifiers 17 and corresponding duplexers 50. Theswitched-in power amplifier 17 amplifies the received signal andforwards the amplified signal to the duplexer 50. The duplexer 50 isconfigured to forward the transmitted signal to the antenna switchmodule 51. For the sake of simplicity, only the transmit path is shownin FIGS. 4A-4B. However, it will be understood that the duplexer 50 isconfigured to allow for bi-directional communication between thetransceiver 13 and the antenna 14. For instance, the duplexer 50 can beadditionally configured to accept a receive signal from the antennaswitch module 51 and forward the received signal for delivery to thetransceiver 13. The duplexer 50 can additionally implement filtering orother appropriate functionality. For instance, the duplexer 50 mayprovide rejection of transmitter noise at the receive frequency,isolation to prevent receive desensitization, etc.

The antenna switch module 51 can be configured to electrically connectthe antenna 14 to a selected transmit or receive path. Thus, the antennaswitch module 51 can provide a number of switching functionalitiesassociated with operation of the front end module 45. In certainembodiments, the antenna switch module 51 can include a number ofswitches configured to provide functionalities associated with, forexample, switching between different bands, switching between differentpower modes, switching between transmission and receiving modes, or somecombination thereof. The antenna switch module 51 can also be configuredto provide additional functionality, including filtering and/orduplexing of signals.

The illustrated embodiment includes a dual directional coupler 52capable of providing a sensed output signal to the measurement switch53. The measurement switch 53 can be a single pole, double throw (SPDT)switch, for example. According to certain embodiments, including theillustrated embodiment, the directional coupler is capable of providinga measure of both incident and reflected signals (e.g., forward andreverse power) in the transmit path. For instance, the dual directionalcoupler 52 can have at least four ports, which may include an input portconfigured to receive signals generated by the power amplifier 17, anoutput port coupled to the antenna 14, a first measurement portconfigured to provide forward power to the measurement switch 53, and asecond measurement port configured to provide reverse power to themeasurement switch 53. While the illustrated embodiment includes a dualdirectional coupler 53, other types of devices or combinations ofdevices can be used in other embodiments. In general, any device can beused that is capable of detecting both incident and reflected signals(e.g., forward and reverse power) in the transmit path. The dualdirectional coupler 52 outputs the transmit signal for delivery to theantenna and outputs forward and reverse power signals to the measurementswitch 53. The measurement switch 53 switches between the two ports(e.g., between detected forward and reverse power signals), and forwardsthe switched output for delivery to the impedance detector.

In contrast to the front end module 45 shown in FIG. 4B, the front endmodule 45 shown in FIG. 4A does not include a programmable antennatuner. In such an embodiment, memory effects such as those due tomismatch may be compensated for adequately using the equalizer table 41,without the use of an integrated antenna tuner, thereby reducing costand complexity, and also avoiding losses that can be caused byincorporation of an antenna tuner. In such cases, a programmable antennatuner may be temporarily connected to the system, e.g., between the dualdirectional coupler 52 and the antenna in order to characterize thesystem. For instance, the antenna tuner can be used during manufactureto set the complex impedance values for each characterization set point.The configuration shown in FIG. 4A can be used in combination with thepre-characterized equalizer table 41 according to some embodiments toachieve a linearity improvement of at least 6 dB.

In some other embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 4B, anintegrated antenna tuner 54 is provided within the front end module 45.The antenna tuner 54 in some embodiments includes a circuit including api-network and/or T-network. The antenna tuner 54 can be programmable toprovide impedance tuning and in some embodiments is used in combinationwith the equalizer table 41 to compensate for memory effects. Forinstance, the programmable antenna tuner 54 can be used to provide acoarse correction of certain non-linearities (e.g., AM-AM and/or AM-PMresponse variation, memory effects, etc.). The antenna tuner 54 can beadjusted to provide an impedance tuning function, such that the poweramplifier 17 sees a particular impedance that is closer to a desiredvalue (e.g., 50 ohms), thereby providing VSWR compensation. Theequalizer table 41, on the other hand, can be used to provide for finecorrection for certain non-linearities (e.g., AM-AM and/or AM-PMresponse variation, memory effects, etc.). Including an integratedantenna tuner 54 can provide an additional benefit of providingcalibration for the dual directional coupler 52. For instance,directivity of the coupler 52 can be software or firmware enhanced aftercalibration by de-embedding, linear transformation, etc. The integratedtuner 54 can also provide improved performance under server mismatchconditions.

Characterization of the front end module 45 can be done with any desiredfrequency, including on a part by part basis, or, in order to reducecalibration costs, on a one part per lot basis or a one part per severallots basis.

Examples of Methods for Pre-Characterizing Front End Modules

FIG. 5 is a flow chart 500 depicting a process for pre-characterizing afront end module. The process 500 may result in a measurement of AM-AMand/or AM-PM response curves for each individual characterization state.One or more processors and/or other appropriate components of a wirelessdevice may implement certain portions of the process. For instance,while certain portions of the process are described for the purposes ofillustration as being implemented using certain components of thedevices shown in FIGS. 3 and 4A-4B, the process could be implementedusing the wireless device 11 of FIG. 1, or any other compatible wirelessdevice 11.

At block 502, the process includes using a programmable antenna tuner toset the VSWR to the appropriate value for the current characterizationset point state. For instance, referring to the first row 602 shown inthe example partial equalizer lookup table 600 shown in FIG. 6A, theantenna tuner can be used to set the VSWR to the value (1.2)corresponding to the current characterization set point state. Where anintegrated antenna tuner 54 is provided (FIG. 4B) in the front endmodule 45 the integrated tuner 54 may be used to adjust the VSWR. Whereintegrated tuner is not provided (FIG. 4A), an antenna tuner may beattached to the front end module 45 temporarily, for the purposes ofcharacterization. The antenna tuner may be adjusted while the integratedimpedance detector 44 or other detector is used to monitor the VSWRpoint, until the set point is reached.

At block 504, the other parameters corresponding to the currentcharacterization set point are set to the appropriate values. Forinstance, referring again to the example set point corresponding to thefirst row 602 in the partial lookup table 600 shown in FIG. 6A, thephase of the complex impedance, the channel, and the band can be set tothe appropriate values (0 degrees, 20525, B5). Some or all of these setpoints can be achieved by adjusting a test input signal using a signalgenerator or other appropriate tool.

At block 506, the system is characterized at the currentcharacterization state. For instance, a set of variables associated withbehavior of the front end module 45 are recorded at 506. The variablescan generally include any appropriate variable or measurement that canbe used to compensate for non-linearity of the front end module 45. Forinstance referring again to the first row 602 of the partial table 600shown in FIG. 6A, the variables in that exemplary embodiment include (1)a measured desired (e.g., optimum) relative delay (1.11 nanoseconds[ns]) between the RF signal delivered to the power amplifier 17 and thesupply shaping signal passing through the supply control branch 48; (2)a compression level (2.0 dB) of the power amplifier 17, which cancorrespond to a degree of compression the power amplifier 17 isoperating at during peak envelope power; and (3) a maximum envelopepower (29 Decibel-milliwatts [dBm]). Referring to FIG. 6B, whichincludes another example of a partial lookup table 650, the recordedvariables can also include: AM-AM coefficients (Var B) and AM-PMcoefficients (Var C) characterizing the AM-AM and AM-PM response curves.

At block 508, the variables are recorded into the lookup table 41, orare otherwise stored in non-volatile memory. In certain implementations,the variables are directly recorded at the time of characterization intoa non-volatile memory within the transceiver 13 (e.g., to form theequalizer table 41). In other cases, the variables are recorded to someseparate storage medium (e.g., a flash drive, disk drive, or the like),and are downloaded into the baseband processor 34 or other appropriatelocation within the wireless device 11 at a later point in time. Forinstance, in some cases, the front end module 12 is characterized priorto assembly of the wireless device 11, and the recorded values aredownloaded into non-volatile memory accessible by the baseband processor34 or to some other appropriate location within the wireless device 11at the point of assembly of the wireless device 11 or portion thereof.

The process then repeats for the next characterization set point. Againreferring to FIG. 6A, the next set point may correspond to the secondrow 604 in the partial table 600, where the phase value is set to 45degrees.

FIG. 6A shows only a portion of the characterization table where phaseis swept in increasing values while holding the other set pointparameters (VSWR, Channel, and Band) constant. It will be understoodthat in order to complete the characterization and thereby obtain acomplete set of recorded values for use in the equalization table 41,the phase may be swept through additional values (e.g., through 360degrees), and each of the other set point parameters may also be sweptwhile holding some or all of the other parameters constant.

While the partial tables 600, 650 shown in FIGS. 6A-B are referred toherein as forming a portion of an equalizer table 41, the values in thepartial tables 600, 650 in some cases are not actually directly storedin the equalizer table 41. Instead, the recorded values from the tables600, 650 are used to derive the values included in the equalizer table41. For example, the AM-AM coefficients (Var B) and AM-PM coefficients(Var C) shown in the partial table 650 of FIG. 6B may be derived fromother variables recorded during characterization.

According to certain embodiments, some or all of the characterizationprocess 500 is performed while DPD is disabled.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show example processes for compensating front end moduleoperation using an equalizer table having values obtained during acharacterization of the front end module. For instance, the processesmay involve the use of the equalizer table 41 shown in FIG. 3, which maybe obtained using the process shown in FIG. 5, or a similar process.While certain portions of the process are described for the purposes ofillustration as being implemented by the baseband processor 34 withinthe transceiver 13 of the power amplifier system 26 of FIG. 3, theprocess could be implemented by any other appropriate processor, such asby another processor within the transceiver 13 of the power amplifiersystem 26 of FIG. 3, by any processor within the wireless device 11 ofFIG. 2, etc.

Referring to FIG. 7A, at block 702 the baseband processor 34 receives acomplex impedance value (e.g., VSWR and/or phase) sensed by theimpedance detector 44 during signal transmission.

At block 704, the baseband processor 34 uses the sensed impedance valueto access the appropriate record from the equalizer table 41. Forinstance, referring to the partial tables 600, 650 shown in FIGS. 6A-6B,the VSWR may be used along with the other characterization set pointparameters (e.g., phase, channel, and band information) to index theequalizer table 41. The phase, channel and band information may be knownby the baseband processor 34 based on the current operating settings ofthe wireless device 11, or in some cases one or more of the phase,channel, and band can be derived from the sensed feedback signal.

At block 706, the baseband processor 34 applies a correction based onthe accessed record. Depending on the embodiment, the accessed recordfrom the equalization table 41 may include values for one or more of thevariables recorded during characterization (e.g., RF vs. envelopetracker delay, compression level, and Pmax). In such cases, the basebandprocessor 34 may process the variable to apply the appropriatecorrection. Taking the power amplifier compression as an example, thebaseband processor 34 may adjust the input signal to achieve the desiredlevel of compression. For example, if a compression level of 2.0 dBm isspecified in the accessed record, and the current gain is determined tobe 2.7 dBm, the baseband processor 34 may lower the input signal levelaccordingly. With respect to the delay offset amount, the basebandprocessor 34 may set the programmable delay of the delay component 33 inaccordance with the delay offset specified in the accessed record.

The indexed record may in some cases include values derived from thevariables. For instance, where the record is used to compensate the DPDtable, correction values may be derived from the recorded variables andstored in the equalizer table 41.

FIG. 7B shows another process 750 of compensating front end moduleoperation using a pre-characterization lookup table. Similar to theprocess 700 of FIG. 7A, the baseband processor 34 receives the sensedcomplex impedance value at block 752.

At block 754, a coarse tuning function is performed using an antennatuner 54 that is integrated within the front end module 45. As describedpreviously with respect to FIG. 4B, the programmable antenna tuner 54may be tuned to compensate to some degree for sensed mismatch, e.g., totune the impedance load seen by the power amplifier 17 to be closer to adesired value (e.g., closer to 50 ohms), thereby reducing VSWR.

At block 756, the baseband processor 34 uses sensed impedance value toaccess the appropriate record from the equalizer table 41, similar toblock 704 of the process 700 of FIG. 7A. At block 758, the basebandprocessor 34 applies a fine-tuning correction based on the accessedrecord in a manner similar to block 706 of the process 700 of FIG. 7B.For instance, the fine-tuning may compensate for non-linearities (e.g.,memory effects) of relatively smaller magnitude than those accounted forby the coarse correction achieved using the antenna tuner 54.

Examples of Power Amplifier Supply Modes

FIGS. 8A-8C shows waveforms for power amplifiers operating in a fixedsupply voltage mode, an average power tracking (APT) mode, and anenvelope tracking mode, respectively.

In FIG. 8A, a graph illustrates the voltage of a RF signal 804 and apower amplifier supply voltage 802 versus time. The RF signal 804 has asignal envelope 805. It can be important that the power amplifier supplyvoltage 802 of the power amplifier has a voltage level greater than thatof the RF signal 804. For example, providing a supply voltage to a poweramplifier having a magnitude less than that of the RF signal 804 canclip the signal, thereby creating signal distortion and/or otherproblems. Thus, it is important the power amplifier supply voltage 802be greater than that of the signal envelope 805. However, it can bedesirable to reduce a difference in voltage between the power amplifiersupply voltage 802 and the signal envelope 805 of the RF signal 804, asthe area between the power amplifier supply voltage 802 and the signalenvelope 805 can represent lost energy, which can reduce battery lifeand increase heat generated in a mobile device.

FIG. 8B is a graph illustrating a power amplifier supply voltage 808that varies or changes in relation to the signal envelope 807 of the RFsignal 810. The graph shown in FIG. 8B my correspond to an average powertracking (APT) mode of power amplifier operation. In contrast to thepower amplifier supply voltage 802 of FIG. 8A, the power amplifiersupply voltage 808 of FIG. 4B changes in discrete voltage incrementsduring different time slots, delineated by the dashed lines. Theamplifier supply voltage 808 during a particular time slot may beadjusted based on the average power of the envelope 807 during that timeslot, for example. For instance, the slot on the right may correspond toa lower power mode of operation than the slot on the left. By loweringthe supply voltage during certain time slots, APT operation can improvepower efficiency as compared to the fixed supply operation shown in FIG.8A.

In FIG. 8C, a graph illustrates the voltage of a RF signal 816 and apower amplifier supply voltage 814 versus time. The graph shown in FIG.8C may correspond to an envelope tracking mode of power amplifieroperation. In contrast to the power amplifier supply voltage 802 of FIG.8A, the power amplifier supply voltage 814 of FIG. 8B varies or changesin relation to the signal envelope 815. The area between the poweramplifier supply voltage 814 and the signal envelope 815 in FIG. 8C isless than the area between the power amplifier supply voltage 802 andthe signal envelope 805 in FIG. 8A, and thus the graph of FIG. 8C can beassociated with a power amplifier system having greater energyefficiency. By tracking the supply voltage to the envelope, envelopetracking operation can improve power efficiency as compared to both thefixed supply operation shown in FIG. 8A and the APT mode shown in FIG.8B.

Although FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate three examples of power amplifier supplyvoltage versus time the teachings herein are applicable to otherconfigurations of power supply generation. For example, the teachingsherein are applicable to configurations in which a supply voltage modulelimits a minimum voltage level of the power amplifier supply voltage.

Example Method of Determining Complex Impedance

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of one example method 900 for determiningcomplex impedance. The determined impedance may be used to accessrecords in the equalizer table 41 and/or or during the characterizationprocess, for example.

At block 902 the method 900 includes sampling the incident transmitsignal path, e.g., where the measurement switch 53 is switched toreceive the forward power signal from the corresponding port of the dualdirectional coupler 52. At block 904, the method includes obtainingideal I/Q data from the baseband processor 34. For instance, the I/Qdata can correspond to the transmitted data stream prior to the datastream being impacted by mismatches and other effects within the frontend module 45. At block 906, the baseband processor 34 or otherappropriate component cross-correlates and time aligns the ideal I/Qdata and the I/Q data received from the front end module 45 for theincident path. For instance, the baseband processor 34 may use asubsample shift technique. At block 908, the baseband processor 34 orother appropriate component calculates a complex phasor associated withthe incident signal, which may be calculated according to the exemplaryequation shown in block 908 of FIG. 9.

At block 910, the power amplifier system 26 switches the measurementswitch 53 such that the switch is coupled to the reverse power signalfrom the corresponding port of the dual directional coupler 52. At block912, the reflected transmit signal path is sampled. At block 914, themethod includes obtaining ideal I/Q data from the baseband processor 34,which may correspond to the transmitted data stream prior to the datastream being impacted by mismatches and other effects within the frontend module 45. At block 916, the baseband processor 34 or otherappropriate component cross-correlates and time aligns the ideal I/Qdata and the I/Q data received from the front end module 45 for thereflected path. For instance, the baseband processor 34 may use asubsample shift technique. At block 918, the baseband processor 34 orother appropriate component calculates a complex phasor associated withthe reflected signal, which may be calculated according to the exemplaryequation shown in block 918 of FIG. 9.

At block 920, the baseband processor 34, impedance detector 44, or otherappropriate component calculates the raw gamma (e.g., compleximpedance). The raw gamma may be calculated by dividing the calculatedreflected complex phasor by the incident complex phase, for example.

Applications

Some of the embodiments described above have provided examples inconnection with mobile phones. However, the principles and advantages ofthe embodiments can be used for any other systems or apparatus that haveneeds for power amplifier systems.

Such power amplifier systems can be implemented in various electronicdevices. Examples of the electronic devices can include, but are notlimited to, consumer electronic products, parts of the consumerelectronic products, electronic test equipment, etc. Examples of theelectronic devices can also include, but are not limited to, memorychips, memory modules, circuits of optical networks or othercommunication networks, and disk driver circuits. The consumerelectronic products can include, but are not limited to, a mobile phone,a telephone, a television, a computer monitor, a computer, a hand-heldcomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a microwave, arefrigerator, an automobile, a stereo system, a cassette recorder orplayer, a DVD player, a CD player, a VCR, an MP3 player, a radio, acamcorder, a camera, a digital camera, a portable memory chip, a washer,a dryer, a washer/dryer, a copier, a facsimile machine, a scanner, amulti-functional peripheral device, a wrist watch, a clock, etc.Further, the electronic devices can include unfinished products.

CONCLUSION

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of“including, but not limited to.” The word “coupled”, as generally usedherein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directlyconnected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements.Likewise, the word “connected”, as generally used herein, refers to twoor more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected byway of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words“herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used inthis application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not toany particular portions of this application. Where the context permits,words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or pluralnumber may also include the plural or singular number respectively. Theword “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word coversall of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items inthe list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the itemsin the list.

Moreover, conditional language used herein, such as, among others,“can,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “e.g.,” “for example,” “such as” and thelike, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understoodwithin the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certainembodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certainfeatures, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is notgenerally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are inany way required for one or more embodiments or that one or moreembodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or withoutauthor input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/orstates are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

The above detailed description of embodiments of the invention is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, theinvention are described above for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention,as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, whileprocesses or blocks are presented in a given order, alternativeembodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems havingblocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may bedeleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each ofthese processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of differentways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as beingperformed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performedin parallel, or may be performed at different times.

The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to othersystems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements andacts of the various embodiments described above can be combined toprovide further embodiments.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, theseembodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are notintended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methodsand systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of otherforms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in theform of the methods and systems described herein may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims andtheir equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications aswould fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power amplifier system comprising: a modulatorconfigured to generate a radio frequency transmit signal; a front endmodule including a power amplifier configured to amplify the radiofrequency transmit signal to generate an amplified radio frequencytransmit signal and a coupler positioned between an antenna and thepower amplifier, the coupler configured to output a measure of bothforward and reverse power associated with the amplified radio frequencytransmit signal; one or more non-volatile memory devices storing anequalizer table having a plurality of entries generated during apre-characterization of the front-end module under a plurality ofcharacterization states corresponding to different input conditions, theone or more memory devices storing a digital pre-distortion tableconfigured to implement memoryless digital pre-distortion on the radiofrequency transmit signal; and a processor configured to (a) receivevoltage standing wave ratio measurements derived from the forward andreverse power output by the coupler, (b) access entries in the equalizertable based at least in part on the voltage standing wave ratiomeasurements, and (c) prior to amplification of the radio frequencytransmit signal by the power amplifier, adjust the radio frequencytransmit signal based on the pre-distortion table and the accessedentries from the equalization table to compensate for one or more memoryeffects present in the power amplifier system.
 2. The power amplifiersystem of claim 1 wherein the equalizer table was generated using aprogrammable antenna tuner to tune the front end module to desiredvoltage standing wave ratio points.
 3. The power amplifier system ofclaim 1 wherein the front end module does not include an integratedantenna tuner.
 4. The power amplifier system of claim 1 wherein thefront end module further includes a programmable antenna tunerpositioned between the antenna and the coupler.
 5. The power amplifiersystem of claim 1 wherein the front end module further includes one ormore duplexers positioned between the power amplifier and the dualdirectional coupler and which contribute to at least some of the memoryeffects.
 6. The power amplifier system of claim 4 wherein theprogrammable antenna tuner is adjustable to tune an impedance seen bythe power amplifier in order to provide a coarse correction ofnon-linearity within the power amplifier system, and the adjustment ofthe radio frequency transmit signal based on the accessed entriesprovides fine correction of non-linearity within the power amplifiersystem.
 7. The power amplifier system of claim 1 wherein the coupler isa dual directional coupler.
 8. The power amplifier system of claim 1wherein the processor is further configured to adjust the radiofrequency transmit signal by adapting values in the digitalpre-distortion table based on the accessed entries in the equalizertable.
 9. The power amplifier system of claim 1 further comprising anenvelope tracking system configured to provide the power supply controlsignal to the power amplifier to control a voltage level of the poweramplifier based on a shaped envelope signal, the processor furtherconfigured to adjust a delay between the RF transmit signal and thesupply control signal based on delay values included in the accessedequalizer table entries.
 10. A mobile device comprising: a modulatorconfigured to generate a radio frequency transmit signal; a front endmodule including a power amplifier configured to amplify the radiofrequency transmit signal to generate an amplified radio frequencysignal and a coupler configured to receive the amplified radio frequencysignal, the power amplifier configured to receive a power amplifiersupply voltage for powering the power amplifier, the coupler configuredto output a measure of both forward and reverse power associated withthe amplified radio frequency transmit signal; an antenna configured totransmit the amplified radio frequency signal; one or more non-volatilememory devices storing an equalizer table having a plurality of entriesgenerated during a pre-characterization of the front-end module under aplurality of characterization states corresponding to different inputconditions, the one or more memory devices storing a digitalpre-distortion table configured to implement memoryless digitalpre-distortion on the radio frequency transmit signal; and a processorconfigured to (a) receive voltage standing wave ratio measurementsderived from the forward and reverse power output by the coupler, (b)access entries in the equalizer table based at least in part on thevoltage standing wave ratio measurements, and (c) prior to amplificationof the radio frequency transmit signal by the power amplifier, adjustthe radio frequency transmit signal based on the pre-distortion tableand the accessed entries to compensate for one or more memory effectspresent in the power amplifier system.
 11. The mobile device of claim 10wherein the front end module further includes one or more duplexerswhich contributes to at least some of the one or more memory effects.12. A power amplifier system comprising: a front end module including apower amplifier configured to amplify a radio frequency transmit signalto generate an amplified radio frequency transmit signal, a programmableantenna tuner coupled to an antenna, and a coupler positioned betweenthe power amplifier and the antenna tuner, the coupler configured tooutput a measure of both forward and reverse power associated with theamplified radio frequency transmit signal, the antenna tuner adjustableto tune an impedance seen by the power amplifier in order to provide acoarse correction of non-linearity within the power amplifier system;one or more non-volatile memory devices storing an equalizer tablehaving a plurality of entries generated during a pre-characterization ofthe front-end module under a plurality of characterization statescorresponding to different input conditions, the one or more memorydevices storing a digital pre-distortion table configured to implementdigital pre-distortion on the radio frequency transmit signal; and aprocessor configured to (a) receive voltage standing wave ratiomeasurements derived from the forward and reverse power output by thecoupler, (b) access entries in the equalizer table based at least inpart on the voltage standing wave ratio, and (c) prior to amplificationof the radio frequency transmit signal by the power amplifier, adjustthe radio frequency transmit signal based on the pre-distortion tableand the accessed entries.
 13. The power amplifier system of claim 12wherein the front end module further includes a duplexer.
 14. The poweramplifier system of claim 12 wherein the duplexer is positioned betweenthe power amplifier and the coupler.
 15. The power amplifier system ofclaim 12 wherein the coupler is a dual directional coupler.
 16. Thepower amplifier system of claim 12 wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to adjust the radio frequency transmit signal by adaptingvalues of the digital pre-distortion table based on the accessed entriesin the equalizer table.
 17. The power amplifier system of claim 12further comprising an envelope tracking system configured to provide thesupply control signal to the power amplifier to control a voltage levelof the power amplifier based on a shaped envelope signal and the delay.18. The mobile device of claim 10 wherein the equalizer table wasgenerated using a programmable antenna tuner to tune the front endmodule to desired voltage standing wave ratio points.
 19. The mobiledevice of claim 10 wherein the front end module does not include anintegrated antenna tuner.
 20. The mobile device of claim 10 wherein thefront end module further includes a programmable antenna tunerpositioned between the antenna and the coupler.